Observation semantics

For predeclared probe laws $P_1,\dots ,P_J$, let

Each law includes:

• latent inputs and labels;

• transformation and distractor sampling;

• sequence construction and sequence length;

• ordinary or biased noise interface;

• modulation and checkpoint stage;

• permitted readout and reference task.

Define, separately,

and

A smaller clean-to-probe gap can result from worse clean performance. It is not automatically higher probe accuracy.