The sampling unit

A sequence contains correlated rule states, overlapping recurrent computations, and outcome-dependent denominators. It is generally not valid to count its $T$ trials as $T$ independent population observations.

For each independent assessment sequence $i$, let $Z_{ij}\in [0,1]$ be a predeclared summary. Examples include total accuracy, a normalized count, or a within-sequence mean over a predetermined nonempty window.