Fixed-sample rejection

For independent identically distributed runs, ${\hat{Q}}_N-r_N$ is a one-sided lower confidence bound for their common actual mean. For adaptive runs it bounds the average predictable mean $N^{-1}{\sum }_i{\mu }_i$, not an automatically stationary population parameter.

The test uses the observed score and the classical allowance. The design error $e_Q$ is not subtracted again from observed data. It supplies a prospective quantum lower mean and power calculation, not an extra penalty on an already measured mean.